The northern arcade of the inner courtyard (juwwani), Asʿad Basha al-ʿAzm Palace

The northern arcade of the inner courtyard (juwwani), Asʿad Basha al-ʿAzm Palace

General view of Hiraqla victory monument, near Raqqa

General view of Hiraqla victory monument, near Raqqa

Al-Matbakh al-ʿAjami, muqarnas squinches of the iwan dome

Al-Matbakh al-ʿAjami, muqarnas squinches of the iwan dome

Al-Matbakh al-ʿAjami, muqarnas squinches of the iwan dome

Al-Matbakh al-ʿAjami, muqarnas squinches of the iwan dome

Al-Matbakh al-ʿAjami, muqarnas squinches of the iwan dome

Al-Matbakh al-ʿAjami, muqarnas squinches of the iwan dome

Al-Matbakh al-ʿAjami, facade of the west section of the great hall

Al-Matbakh al-ʿAjami, facade of the west section of the great hall

Bayt Ghazala, the iwan

Bayt Ghazala, the iwan

Raqqa, Qasr al-Banat, clay decorations

Raqqa, Qasr al-Banat, clay decorations

Raqqa, Qasr al-Banat, clay decoration

Raqqa, Qasr al-Banat, clay decoration

Hiraqla victory monument

Hiraqla victory monument

Raqqa, Remains of Qasr al-Banat

Raqqa, Remains of Qasr al-Banat

Raqqa, Qasr al-Banat, clay decorations

Raqqa, Qasr al-Banat, clay decorations

Raqqa, Qasr al-Banat

Raqqa, Qasr al-Banat

Raqqa/Rafiqa, Wall decoration in the Iwan of Qasr al-Banat

Raqqa/Rafiqa, Wall decoration in the Iwan of Qasr al-Banat

Raqqa, A side of Qasr al-Banat

Raqqa, A side of Qasr al-Banat

A side of Hiraqla victory monument, built by Harun ar-Rashid, near Raqqa

A side of Hiraqla victory monument, built by Harun ar-Rashid, near Raqqa

Al-Matbakh al-ʿAjami, facade of the southern section of the great hall

Al-Matbakh al-ʿAjami, facade of the southern section of the great hall

The upper part of the minaret, Qashani tiles, as-Sinaniyya Mosque

The upper part of the minaret, Qashani tiles, as-Sinaniyya Mosque

Damascus, Minaret al-Qalʿi, 15 C.

Damascus, Minaret al-Qalʿi, 15 C.

The upper part of the entrance, as-Sinaniyya Mosque

The upper part of the entrance, as-Sinaniyya Mosque

Damascene painted tiles over the windows, as-Sinaniyya Mosque

Damascene painted tiles over the windows, as-Sinaniyya Mosque

A view in Suq al-Buzuriyya, Old City of Damascus

A view in Suq al-Buzuriyya, Old City of Damascus

Yabrud, Residential house with covered terrace (riwaq)

Yabrud, Residential house with covered terrace (riwaq)

Damage pattern, missing column in al-ʿAdiliyya mosque, Aleppo

Fig. 18, Catalogue of Damage

Rubble management by volunteers, cleaning and securing of remains in al-ʿAdiliyya mosque, Aleppo

Fig.38_Volunteers during cleaning and securing of remains

Yabrud: residential houses with central hall floor plans

Yabrud: residential houses with central hall floor plans

Noria (water wheel) with aqueduct in ar-Rastan in 1930

Noria (water wheel) with aqueduct in ar-Rastan in 1930

Izraʿ - Kanisat (church) Mar Jirjis from the inside

Izraʿ – Kanisat (church) Mar Jirjis from the inside

Bucket wheel (noria) and aqueduct in 1930

Bucket wheel (noria) and aqueduct in 1930

Damage pattern in the Great Umayyad Mosque in Aleppo

Damage pattern in the Great Umayyad Mosque in Aleppo